Ukubuka Okubanzi Kwezindlela Zokukhula kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

Ukubuka Okubanzi Kwezindlela Zokukhula kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

1. Isendlalelo se-Monocrystalline Silicon Development

Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo ehlakaniphile esebenza kahle kakhulu kuye kwaqinisa isikhundla esiyinhloko semboni yesekethe ehlanganisiwe (IC) ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe. Njengesisekelo semboni ye-IC, i-semiconductor monocrystalline silicon idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseni ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhula komnotho.

Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-International Semiconductor Industry Association, imakethe ye-semiconductor wafer yomhlaba wonke ifinyelele inani lokuthengisa lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.6, nokuthunyelwa okukhulela kuma-intshi skwele ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14.2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo samawafa e-silicon siyaqhubeka sikhuphuka kancane kancane.

Kodwa-ke, imboni yomhlaba wonke ye-silicon wafer igxile kakhulu, abahlinzeki abahlanu abaphezulu bephethe ngaphezu kwama-85% wesabelo semakethe, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi:

• I-Shin-Etsu Chemical (Japan)

• I-SUMCO (Japan)

• I-Global Wafers

• I-Siltronic (Germany)

• I-SK Siltron (South Korea)

Le oligopoly iphumela ekuthembeleni kakhulu kweShayina kumawafa e-silicon e-monocrystalline avela kwamanye amazwe, osekungenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile ezibeka umkhawulo ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yesifunda edidiyelwe yezwe.

Ukunqoba izinselelo zamanje emkhakheni wokukhiqiza we-semiconductor silicon monocrystal, ukutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni nasekuqiniseni amakhono okukhiqiza ekhaya kuyisinqumo esingenakugwenywa.

2. Uhlolojikelele lwe-Monocrystalline Silicon Material

I-silicon ye-Monocrystalline iyisisekelo semboni yesifunda ehlanganisiwe. Kuze kube manje, ngaphezu kwe-90% yama-IC chips kanye nemishini kagesi yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-silicon ye-monocrystalline njengento eyinhloko. Isidingo esisabalele se-silicon ye-monocrystalline kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuhlukahlukene kwezimboni kungabangelwa izici ezimbalwa:

1. Ukuphepha kanye Nemvelo: I-silicon igcwele uqweqwe lomhlaba, ayinabo ubuthi, futhi ayihambisani nemvelo.

2. I-Insulation kagesi: I-silicon ngokwemvelo ibonisa izakhiwo zokuhlukanisa ugesi, futhi lapho ukwelashwa kokushisa, yakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-silicon dioxide, oluvimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukulahlekelwa kweshaji kagesi.

3. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhula Okuvuthiwe: Umlando omude wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe ezinqubweni zokukhula kwe-silicon ukwenze kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezinye izinto ze-semiconductor.

Lezi zici zihlangene zigcina i-silicon ye-monocrystalline ihamba phambili embonini, iyenze ingenakuthathelwa indawo ezinye izinto.

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sekristalu, i-silicon ye-monocrystalline iyinto eyenziwe ngama-athomu e-silicon ehlelwe ku-lattice yezikhathi, yakha isakhiwo esiqhubekayo. Kuyisisekelo semboni yokukhiqiza ama-chip.

Umdwebo olandelayo ubonisa inqubo ephelele yokulungiswa kwe-silicon ye-monocrystalline:

Ukubuka konke kwenqubo:
I-silicon ye-Monocrystalline itholakala ku-silicon ore ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo zokucwenga. Okokuqala, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline itholakala, bese ikhuliswa ibe yi-monocrystalline silicon ingot esithandweni sokukhulisa i-crystal. Ngemva kwalokho, iyasikwa, ipholishwe, bese igaywa ibe ama-silicone wafers alungele ukwenziwa kwama-chip.

Ama-wafers e-silicon ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:i-photovoltaic-gradefuthiIbanga le-semiconductor. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ziyehluka kakhulu ngesakhiwo sazo, ubumsulwa, kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu.

• Ama-wafers webanga le-semiconductorabe nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu okufika ku-99.99999999%, futhi adingeka ngokuqinile ukuthi abe yi-monocrystalline.

• Ama-wafers we-Photovoltaic-gradeahlanzekile kancane, anamazinga okuhlanzeka asukela ku-99.99% kuya ku-99.9999%, futhi awanazo izidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yekristalu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amawafa ebanga le-semiconductor adinga ubushelelezi nokuhlanzeka kwendawo ephakeme kunamawafa ebanga le-photovoltaic. Amazinga aphezulu ama-wafer we-semiconductor akhuphula kokubili ubunkimbinkimbi bokulungiselela kwawo kanye nenani lawo lakamuva ezinhlelweni zokusebenza.

Ishadi elilandelayo libonisa ukuvela kokucaciswa kwe-wafer ye-semiconductor, eye yanyuka kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-4-intshi (100mm) nama-wafer angu-6-intshi (150mm) kuya kumawafa angu-8-intshi (200mm) amanje angu-12-intshi (300mm).

Ekulungiselelweni kwangempela kwe-silicon monocrystal, usayizi we-wafer uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lohlelo lokusebenza nezici zezindleko. Isibonelo, ama-memory chips ngokuvamile asebenzisa amawafa angu-12-intshi, kuyilapho amadivayisi kagesi ngokuvamile asebenzisa amawafa angama-intshi angu-8.

Kafushane, ukuvela kosayizi we-wafer kuwumphumela wakho kokubili uMthetho kaMoore kanye nezici zomnotho. Usayizi we-wafer omkhulu uvumela ukukhula kwendawo ye-silicon esebenziseka kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokucubungula, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngenkathi kunciphisa udoti ovela emaphethelweni we-wafer.

Njengento ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje, ama-silicone wafers we-semiconductor, ngezinqubo ezinembile ezifana ne-photolithography nokufakelwa kwe-ion, anika amandla ukukhiqizwa kwemishini ehlukahlukene ye-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa ama-rectifiers anamandla amakhulu, ama-transistors, ama-bipolar junction transistors, nemishini yokushintsha. Lezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni efana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ezokuxhumana ze-5G, ugesi wezimoto, i-inthanethi Yezinto, kanye ne-aerospace, okwenza isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe.

3. I-Monocrystalline Silicon Growth Technology

ICzochralski (CZ) Indlelakuyinqubo ephumelelayo yokudonsa impahla ye-monocrystalline yekhwalithi ephezulu ekuncibilikeni. Ihlongozwe nguJan Czochralski ngo-1917, le ndlela yaziwa nangokuthiI-Crystal Ukudonsaindlela.

Njengamanje, indlela ye-CZ isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulungiseleleni izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-semiconductor. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, cishe i-98% yezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi zenziwe nge-silicon ye-monocrystalline, ne-85% yalezi zingxenye ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-CZ.

Indlela ye-CZ iyathandwa ngenxa yekhwalithi yayo enhle kakhulu yekristalu, usayizi olawulekayo, izinga lokukhula ngokushesha, nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Lezi zici zenza i-CZ monocrystalline silicon ibe yinto ekhethwayo yokuhlangabezana nekhwalithi ephezulu, isidingo esikhulu embonini yezogesi.

Umgomo wokukhula we-CZ monocrystalline silicon umi kanje:

Inqubo ye-CZ idinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, i-vacuum, nendawo evaliwe. Imishini ebalulekile yale nqubo yi-isithando somlilo sekristalu, okwenza lezi zimo zibe lula.

Umdwebo olandelayo ubonisa ukwakheka kwesithando somlilo sekristalu.

Enqubweni ye-CZ, i-silicon ehlanzekile ifakwa ku-crucible, encibilikisiwe, futhi i-crystal yembewu yethulwa ku-silicon encibilikisiwe. Ngokulawula ngokunembile amapharamitha afana nezinga lokushisa, izinga lokudonsa, kanye nesivinini sokuzungezisa esigoqayo, ama-athomu noma ama-athomu ekuxhumaneni kwekristalu lembewu ne-silicon encibilikisiwe iyaqhubeka nokuhlela kabusha, iqina njengoba isistimu iphola futhi ekugcineni yakhe ikristalu eyodwa.

Le nqubo yokukhula kwekristalu ikhiqiza i-silicon ye-monocrystalline yekhwalithi ephezulu, enobubanzi obukhulu enomumo othize wekristalu.

Inqubo yokukhula ibandakanya izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa:

1. I-Dissembly and Loading: Ukukhipha ikristalu nokuhlanza ngokuphelele isithando somlilo nezingxenye ezingcolile ezifana ne-quartz, i-graphite, noma okunye ukungcola.

2. Vacuum futhi Ukuncibilika: Uhlelo lukhishelwa ku-vacuum, kulandelwa ukwethulwa kwegesi ye-argon kanye nokushisisa kweshaji ye-silicon.

3. I-Crystal Ukudonsa: Ikristalu yembewu yehliselwa ku-silicon encibilikisiwe, futhi izinga lokushisa elibonakalayo lilawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina okufanele.

4. Amahlombe kanye Nokulawula Ububanzi: Njengoba i-crystal ikhula, ububanzi bayo bubhekwa ngokucophelela futhi bulungiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhula okufanayo.

5. Ukuphela Kokukhula Nokuvalwa Kwesithando Somlilo: Uma usayizi we-crystal oyifunayo usufinyelelwe, isithando somlilo siyavalwa, futhi ikristalu iyasuswa.

Izinyathelo ezinemininingwane kule nqubo ziqinisekisa ukudalwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ama-monocrystals angenasici afanele ukwenziwa kwe-semiconductor.

4. Izinselelo ku-Monocrystalline Silicon Production

Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ekukhiqizeni i-semiconductor monocrystals enobubanzi obukhulu ilele ekunqobeni izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhula, ikakhulukazi ekubikezeleni nasekulawuleni ukukhubazeka kwekristalu:

1. Ikhwalithi ye-Monocrystal engahambisani kanye nesivuno esiphansi: Njengoba usayizi we-silicon monocrystals ukhula, ubunkimbinkimbi bendawo yokukhula buyanda, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula izici ezifana nezindawo ezishisayo, ukugeleza, nezizibuthe. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima umsebenzi wokuzuza ikhwalithi engaguquki kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.

2. Inqubo Yokulawula Engazinzile: Inqubo yokukhula ye-semiconductor silicon monocrystals iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, enezinkambu zomzimba eziningi ezisebenzisanayo, okwenza ukunemba kokulawula kungazinzi futhi kuholela ekuvuthweni komkhiqizo ophansi. Amasu amanje okulawula ngokuyinhloko agxile kubukhulu bekristalu obukhulu, kuyilapho ikhwalithi isalungiswa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwa ngesandla, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokwenziwa kwe-micro kanye ne-nano kuma-IC chips.

Ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinselele, ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi sangempela, izindlela zokuqapha ku-inthanethi kanye nezindlela zokubikezela zekhwalithi ye-crystal zidingeka ngokushesha, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile, okuphezulu kwekhwalithi yama-monocrystals amakhulu ukuze asetshenziswe kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe.