Ukubuka Konke Okuphelele Kwezindlela Zokukhula Ze-Monocrystalline Silicon

Ukubuka Konke Okuphelele Kwezindlela Zokukhula Ze-Monocrystalline Silicon

1. Isizinda Sokuthuthukiswa Kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

Ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo ehlakaniphile esebenza kahle kakhulu kuye kwaqinisa kakhulu isikhundla esiyinhloko semboni yesekethe ehlanganisiwe (i-IC) ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe. Njengesisekelo semboni ye-IC, i-silicon ye-semiconductor monocrystalline idlala indima ebalulekile ekushayeleni ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhula komnotho.

Ngokusho kwedatha evela kwi-International Semiconductor Industry Association, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-semiconductor wafer ifinyelele inani lokuthengisa elingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.6, kanti ukuthunyelwa kukhula kufike kuma-intshi ayizikwele ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14.2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sama-wafer e-silicon siyaqhubeka nokukhula kancane kancane.

Kodwa-ke, imboni yomhlaba wonke ye-silicon wafer igxile kakhulu, lapho abahlinzeki abahlanu abaphezulu bebusa ngaphezu kwama-85% wesabelo semakethe, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi:

• I-Shin-Etsu Chemical (eJapane)

• I-SUMCO (eJapane)

• Ama-Wafer Omhlaba Wonke

• I-Siltronic (eJalimane)

• I-SK Siltron (eNingizimu Korea)

Lokhu ku-oligopoly kuholela ekuthembeleni okukhulu kweShayina kuma-wafer e-silicon angama-monocrystalline angeniswa kwamanye amazwe, okuye kwaba ngenye yezithiyo ezibalulekile ezivimbela intuthuko yemboni yesekethe ehlanganisiwe yezwe.

Ukuze kunqotshwe izinselele zamanje emkhakheni wokukhiqiza we-silicon monocrystal we-semiconductor, ukutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kanye nokuqinisa amakhono okukhiqiza asekhaya kuyisinqumo esingenakugwenywa.

2. Ukubuka konke kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon Material

I-silicon e-monocrystalline iyisisekelo semboni yesekethe ehlanganisiwe. Kuze kube manje, ama-chip e-IC angaphezu kwama-90% namadivayisi kagesi enziwa kusetshenziswa i-silicon e-monocrystalline njengezinto eziyinhloko. Isidingo esibanzi se-silicon e-monocrystalline kanye nezicelo zayo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni singabangelwa yizici eziningana:

1. Ukuphepha Nobungani Nemvelo: I-silicon itholakala kakhulu oqweqweni loMhlaba, ayinabo ubuthi, futhi inobungani nemvelo.

2. Ukufakwa Kokushisa Kukagesi: I-Silicon ikhombisa ngokwemvelo izakhiwo zokuvikela ugesi, futhi lapho iphathwa ngokushisa, yakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-silicon dioxide, oluvimbela ngempumelelo ukulahleka kweshaja kagesi.

3. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhula Okuvuthiwe: Umlando omude wentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ezinqubweni zokukhula kwe-silicon uyenze yaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezinye izinto ze-semiconductor.

Lezi zici zigcina i-silicon e-monocrystalline iphambili embonini, okwenza ingenakufakwa ezinye izinto.

Ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo sekristalu, i-silicon e-monocrystalline iyinto eyenziwe ngama-athomu e-silicon ahlelwe ku-lattice yezikhathi ezithile, akha isakhiwo esiqhubekayo. Iyisisekelo semboni yokukhiqiza ama-chip.

Umdwebo olandelayo ubonisa inqubo ephelele yokulungiselela i-silicon ye-monocrystalline:

Ukubuka Konke Kwenqubo:
I-silicon e-monocrystalline itholakala ku-silicon ore ngochungechunge lwezinyathelo zokucwenga. Okokuqala, kutholakala i-silicon e-polycrystalline, bese ikhuliswa ibe yi-ingot ye-silicon e-monocrystalline esithandweni sokukhulisa i-crystal. Ngemva kwalokho, iyasikwa, ipholishwe, bese icutshungulwa ibe ama-wafer e-silicon afanele ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip.

Ama-wafer e-silicon ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili:ibanga le-photovoltaicfuthiibanga le-semiconductorLezi zinhlobo ezimbili zihluke kakhulu ngesakhiwo sazo, ubumsulwa bazo, kanye nekhwalithi yobuso bazo.

• Ama-wafer ebanga le-semiconductorzinobumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu obufika ku-99.999999999%, futhi zidingeka kakhulu ukuthi zibe yi-monocrystalline.

• Ama-wafer ebanga le-photovoltaicazihlanzekile kangako, amazinga okuhlanzeka asukela ku-99.99% kuya ku-99.9999%, futhi azinazo izidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yekristalu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-wafer ebanga le-semiconductor adinga ukushelela okuphezulu kanye nokuhlanzeka kune-wafers ebanga le-photovoltaic. Izindinganiso eziphakeme zama-wafers e-semiconductor zandisa kokubili ubunzima bokulungiselela kwawo kanye nenani lawo elilandelayo ekusetshenzisweni kwawo.

Ishadi elilandelayo lichaza ukuvela kwemininingwane ye-semiconductor wafer, eye yanda kusukela kuma-wafer okuqala angu-4-inch (100mm) kanye nama-6-inch (150mm) kuya kuma-wafer amanje angu-8-inch (200mm) kanye nama-12-inch (300mm).

Ekulungiseleleni i-silicon monocrystal yangempela, usayizi we-wafer uyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lohlelo lokusebenza kanye nezici zezindleko. Isibonelo, ama-memory chip avame ukusebenzisa ama-wafer angu-12 intshi, kuyilapho amadivayisi kagesi evame ukusebenzisa ama-wafer angu-8 intshi.

Ngamafuphi, ukuvela kosayizi we-wafer kuwumphumela woMthetho kaMoore kanye nezici zezomnotho. Usayizi we-wafer omkhulu uvumela ukukhula kwendawo ye-silicon esebenziseka kalula ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokucubungula, kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngenkathi kunciphisa imfucuza evela emaphethelweni e-wafer.

Njengezinto ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe besimanje, ama-silicon wafer e-semiconductor, ngezinqubo eziqondile ezifana ne-photolithography kanye nokufakelwa kwama-ion, avumela ukukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, kufaka phakathi ama-rectifier anamandla aphezulu, ama-transistors, ama-bipolar junction transistors, kanye namadivayisi okushintsha. Lawa madivayisi adlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni efana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuxhumana kwe-5G, ama-electronics ezimoto, i-Internet of Things, kanye ne-aerospace, okwakha itshe lesisekelo lentuthuko yezomnotho kazwelonke kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe.

3. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhula Kwe-Silicon Enekristalu Encane

IIndlela ye-Czochralski (CZ)kuyinqubo ephumelelayo yokudonsa izinto ezi-monocrystalline ezisezingeni eliphezulu ekuncibilikeni. Le ndlela, eyaphakanyiswa nguJan Czochralski ngo-1917, yaziwa nangokuthiUkudonsa Ngekristaluindlela.

Njengamanje, indlela ye-CZ isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulungiseleleni izinto ezahlukahlukene ze-semiconductor. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, cishe ama-98% ezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi enziwe nge-silicon e-monocrystalline, kanti ama-85% alezi zingxenye akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-CZ.

Indlela ye-CZ iyathandwa ngenxa yekhwalithi yayo enhle kakhulu yekristalu, usayizi olawulekayo, izinga lokukhula okusheshayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Lezi zici zenza i-CZ monocrystalline silicon ibe yinto ekhethwayo yokuhlangabezana nesidingo sekhwalithi ephezulu nesibanzi embonini ye-elekthronikhi.

Isimiso sokukhula kwe-CZ monocrystalline silicon simi kanje:

Inqubo ye-CZ idinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu, i-vacuum, kanye nendawo evaliwe. Imishini ebalulekile yale nqubo yi-isithando sokukhulisa ikristalu, okwenza kube lula lezi zimo.

Umdwebo olandelayo ubonisa isakhiwo sesithando sokukhulisa ikristalu.

Enqubweni ye-CZ, i-silicon emsulwa ifakwa endaweni yokusha, encibilikisiwe, bese kufakwa ikristalu yembewu ku-silicon encibilikisiwe. Ngokulawula ngokunembile amapharamitha afana nokushisa, izinga lokudonsa, kanye nesivinini sokujikeleza kwe-crucible, ama-athomu noma ama-molecule endaweni ehlangana nekristalu yembewu kanye ne-silicon encibilikisiwe ahlela kabusha njalo, aqine njengoba uhlelo luphola futhi ekugcineni akhe ikristalu eyodwa.

Le ndlela yokukhulisa ikristalu ikhiqiza i-silicon e-monocrystalline esezingeni eliphezulu, enobubanzi obukhulu enezindlela ezithile zekristalu.

Inqubo yokukhula ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa:

1. Ukudilizwa Nokulayishwa: Ukususa ikristalu nokuhlanza kahle isithando somlilo kanye nezingxenye zaso ezintweni ezingcolisayo ezifana ne-quartz, i-graphite, noma ezinye izinto ezingcolile.

2. Ukuhlanza Nokuncibilikisa: Uhlelo lukhishwa luye endaweni engenalutho, kulandele ukufakwa kwegesi ye-argon kanye nokushisa kweshaja ye-silicon.

3. Ukudonsa Ngekristalu: Ikristalu yembewu yehliswa ku-silicon encibilikisiwe, futhi izinga lokushisa le-interface lilawulwa ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka kahle kwekristalu.

4. Ukulawula Ububanzi Nokugudla Amahlombe: Njengoba ikristalu ikhula, ububanzi bayo buqashelwa ngokucophelela futhi bulungiswa ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanayo.

5. Ukuphela Kokukhula Nokuvalwa Kwesithando Somlilo: Uma usayizi wekristalu ofunekayo usufinyelelwe, isithando siyavalwa, bese ikristalu isuswa.

Izinyathelo ezinemininingwane kule nqubo ziqinisekisa ukudalwa kwama-monocrystal asezingeni eliphezulu, angenasici afanelekela ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor.

4. Izinselele Ekukhiqizweni kwe-Monocrystalline Silicon

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ekukhiqizeni ama-monocrystal amakhulu e-semiconductor iwukunqoba izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhula, ikakhulukazi ekubikezeleni nasekulawuleni amaphutha ekristalu:

1. Ikhwalithi ye-Monocrystal engaguquguquki kanye ne-Low Produce: Njengoba usayizi wama-silicon monocrystals ukhula, ubunzima bendawo yokukhula buyanda, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula izinto ezifana nokushisa, ukugeleza, kanye namasimu kazibuthe. Lokhu kwenza umsebenzi ube nzima wokufeza ikhwalithi ehambisanayo kanye nesivuno esiphezulu.

2. Inqubo Yokulawula Engazinzile: Inqubo yokukhula kwama-semiconductor silicon monocrystals iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, inezinkambu eziningi ezibonakalayo ezisebenzisanayo, okwenza ukunemba kokulawula kungazinzile futhi kuholele ekuvuneni okuphansi komkhiqizo. Amasu okulawula amanje agxile kakhulu ebukhulu be-macroscopic bekristalu, kuyilapho ikhwalithi isalungiswa ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okwenziwe ngesandla, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokwenziwa kwe-micro kanye ne-nano kuma-IC chips.

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, kudingeka ngokushesha ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuqapha kanye nokubikezela ikhwalithi yekristalu ngesikhathi sangempela, ku-inthanethi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile, kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwama-monocrystal amakhulu ukuze asetshenziswe kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe.