Izindiza zekristalu kanye nokuqondiswa kwekristalu kuyimiqondo emibili eyinhloko ku-crystallography, ehlobene eduze nesakhiwo sekristalu kubuchwepheshe besekethe ehlanganisiwe esekelwe ku-silicon.
1. Incazelo kanye nezakhiwo zokuqondiswa kwekristalu
Ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kumelela indlela ethile ngaphakathi kwekristalu, evame ukuvezwa yizinkomba zokuqondiswa kwekristalu. Ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kuchazwa ngokuxhuma noma yimaphi amaphuzu amabili e-lattice ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sekristalu, futhi kunezici ezilandelayo: ukuqondiswa kwekristalu ngakunye kuqukethe inani elingenamkhawulo lamaphuzu e-lattice; ukuqondiswa kwekristalu okukodwa kungaqukatha ukuqondiswa kwekristalu okuningi okuhambisanayo okwakha umndeni wokuqondiswa kwekristalu; umndeni wokuqondiswa kwekristalu uhlanganisa wonke amaphuzu e-lattice ngaphakathi kwekristalu.
Ukubaluleka kokuqondiswa kwekristalu kulele ekuboniseni ukuhlelwa kwesiqondiso sama-athomu ngaphakathi kwekristalu. Isibonelo, ukuqondiswa kwekristalu [111] kumelela isiqondiso esithile lapho izilinganiso zokubikezela zama-axes amathathu okuxhumanisa ziyi-1:1:1.
2. Incazelo kanye nezakhiwo zezindiza zekristalu
Indiza yekristalu iyindiza yelungiselelo le-athomu ngaphakathi kwekristalu, emelelwa yizinkomba zendiza yekristalu (ama-Miller indices). Isibonelo, (111) ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlangana kwezindawo zokuhlangana zendiza yekristalu kuma-axes ahlanganisiwe kungokwesilinganiso esingu-1:1:1. Indiza yekristalu inezakhiwo ezilandelayo: indiza ngayinye yekristalu iqukethe inani elingenamkhawulo lamaphuzu e-lattice; indiza ngayinye yekristalu inenani elingenamkhawulo lezindiza ezifanayo ezakha umndeni wendiza yekristalu; umndeni wendiza yekristalu umboza lonke ikristalu.
Ukunqunywa kwezinkomba ze-Miller kuhilela ukuthatha ama-intercepts endiza yekristalu ku-axis ngayinye ye-coordinate, ukuthola ama-reciprocals awo, bese uwaguqula abe yi-integer ratio encane kakhulu. Isibonelo, indiza yekristalu (111) inama-intercepts kuma-axes ka-x, y, kanye no-z ku-ratio engu-1:1:1.
3. Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kwezindiza Zekristalu Nokuqondiswa Kwekristalu
Izindiza zekristalu kanye nokuqondiswa kwekristalu kuyizindlela ezimbili ezahlukene zokuchaza isakhiwo sejometri sekristalu. Ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kubhekisela ekuhleleni kwama-athomu ohlangothini oluthile, kuyilapho indiza yekristalu ibhekisela ekuhleleni kwama-athomu endizeni ethile. Laba ababili banokuhambisana okuthile, kodwa bamelela imiqondo ehlukene yomzimba.
Ubudlelwano obubalulekile: Ivektha evamile yendiza yekristalu (okungukuthi, ivektha eqondile kuleyo ndiza) ihambelana nokuma kwekristalu. Isibonelo, ivektha evamile yendiza yekristalu (111) ihambelana nokuma kwekristalu [111], okusho ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-athomu eceleni komzila [111] kuqondile kuleyo ndiza.
Ezinqubweni ze-semiconductor, ukukhethwa kwezindiza zekristalu kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwedivayisi. Isibonelo, kuma-semiconductor asekelwe ku-silicon, izindiza zekristalu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yizindiza ze-(100) kanye ne-(111) ngoba zinezinhlelo ze-athomu ezahlukene kanye nezindlela zokubopha ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izakhiwo ezifana nokuhamba kwe-electron kanye namandla omhlaba ziyahlukahluka ezindizeni zekristalu ezahlukene, okuthonya ukusebenza kanye nenqubo yokukhula kwamadivayisi e-semiconductor.
4. Izicelo Ezisebenzayo Ezinqubweni Ze-Semiconductor
Ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor okusekelwe ku-silicon, ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kanye nezindiza zekristalu kusetshenziswa ezicini eziningi:
Ukukhula Kwekristalu: Amakristalu e-semiconductor avame ukukhuliswa ngokwezindawo ezithile zekristalu. Amakristalu e-silicon avame ukukhula ngokwezindawo [100] noma [111] ngoba ukuzinza kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-athomu kulezi zindawo kusiza ekukhuleni kwekristalu.
Inqubo Yokuqopha: Ekuqopheni okumanzi, izindiza zekristalu ezahlukene zinezinga lokuqopha elihlukahlukene. Isibonelo, izinga lokuqopha ezindizeni ze-(100) kanye ne-(111) ze-silicon liyahluka, okuholela emiphumeleni yokuqopha ye-anisotropic.
Izici Zedivayisi: Ukuhamba kwama-electron kumadivayisi e-MOSFET kuthintwa yi-crystal plane. Ngokuvamile, ukuhamba kuphakeme kakhulu ku-(100), yingakho ama-MOSFET anamuhla asekelwe ku-silicon asebenzisa kakhulu ama-wafer (100).
Ngamafuphi, izindiza zekristalu kanye nokuqondiswa kwekristalu kuyizindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuchaza isakhiwo samakristalu ku-crystallography. Ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kumelela izakhiwo eziqondisa ngaphakathi kwekristalu, kuyilapho izindiza zekristalu zichaza izindiza ezithile ngaphakathi kwekristalu. Le mibono emibili ihlobene kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor. Ukukhethwa kwezindiza zekristalu kuthinta ngqo izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezinto, kuyilapho ukuqondiswa kwekristalu kuthonya ukukhula kwekristalu kanye namasu okucubungula. Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindiza zekristalu kanye nokuqondiswa kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono izinqubo ze-semiconductor kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwedivayisi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-08-2024