Amakristalu eSapphire akhuliswa kusukela kumpushana we-alumina we-high-purity enobumsulwa obungu->99.995%, okuwenza abe indawo enkulu yokufunwa kwe-alumina ehlanzekile kakhulu. Zibonisa amandla aphezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezizinzile, ezibenza bakwazi ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinzima ezifana namazinga okushisa aphezulu, ukugqwala, nomthelela. Asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokuvikela kuzwelonke, kwezobuchwepheshe bomphakathi, kwe-microelectronics, nakweminye imikhakha.
Kusukela kumpushana we-alumina wokuhlanzeka okuphezulu ukuya kumakristalu wesafire
1. Izicelo Key of Sapphire
Emkhakheni wezokuvikela, amakristalu esafire asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kumafasitela e-missile infrared. Impi yesimanje idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kwemicibisholo, futhi iwindi le-infrared optical liyingxenye ebalulekile yokufeza le mfuneko. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi imicibisholo ejikijelwayo ihlangabezana nokushisa okukhulu kwe-aerodynamic kanye nomthelela ngesikhathi sendiza yesivinini esikhulu, kanye nezimo zokulwa ezinokhahlo, i-radome kufanele ibe namandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokushayisana, kanye nekhono lokumelana nokuguguleka kwesihlabathi, imvula, nezinye izimo zezulu ezinzima. Amakristalu eSapphire, anokudlulisa ukukhanya kwawo okuhle kakhulu, izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nezici zamakhemikhali ezizinzile, asephenduke into efanelekile yamafasitela e-missile infrared.
Ama-substrates e-LED amelela ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwesafire. Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kubhekwa njengenguquko yesithathu ngemuva kwezibani ze-fluorescent nezonga amandla. Umgomo wama-LED uhlanganisa ukuguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla okukhanya. Lapho i-current idlula ku-semiconductor, izimbobo nama-electron ahlangana, akhiphe amandla engeziwe ngendlela yokukhanya, ekugcineni akhiqize ukukhanya. Ubuchwepheshe be-chip ye-LED busekelwe kuma-wafers e-epitaxial, lapho izinto zegesi zifakwa ungqimba ngongqimba ku-substrate. Izinto eziyinhloko ze-substrate zihlanganisa ama-silicon substrates, ama-silicon carbide substrates, nama-sapphire substrates. Phakathi kwalokhu, ama-substrates esafire anikezela ngezinzuzo ezibalulekile ngaphezu kwalokhu okubili, okuhlanganisa ukuzinza kwedivayisi, ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela abavuthiwe, ukungamuncwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo, ukudluliswa kokukhanya okuhle, kanye nezindleko ezimaphakathi. Idatha ibonisa ukuthi u-80% wezinkampani zomhlaba wonke ze-LED zisebenzisa isafire njengento yazo engaphansi.
Ngokungeziwe kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezishiwo ngenhla, amakristalu esafire abuye asetshenziswe kuzikrini zomakhalekhukhwini, izinto zezokwelapha, umhlobiso wobucwebe, nanjengezinto zefasitela zezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zokutholwa kwesayensi njengamalensi namaprism.
2. Ubukhulu bemakethe kanye namathemba
Iqhutshwa ukusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nezimo ezikhulayo zohlelo lokusebenza lwama-chips e-LED, isidingo sama-sapphire substrates kanye nosayizi wawo wemakethe kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ukukhula okunamadijithi amabili. Ngo-2025, ivolumu yokuthunyelwa kwama-sapphire substrates kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele izingcezu eziyizigidi eziyi-103 (eziguqulelwe ku-4-inch substrates), okumele ukukhuphuka ngo-63% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) lika-13% kusukela ngo-2021 kuya ku-2025. Ukunyuka ngo-108% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, nge-CAGR ka-20% kusukela ngo-2021 kuya ku-2025. "Njengesandulela" sama-substrates, usayizi wemakethe nokukhula kwamakristalu esafire kuyabonakala.
3. Ukulungiswa kwamakristalu eSapphire
Kusukela ngo-1891, lapho usokhemisi ongumFulentshi u-Verneuil A. esungula indlela yokuhlanganisa ilangabi ukuze kukhiqizwe amakristalu ayigugu okwenziwa okokuqala ngqa, ukucwaninga ngokukhula kwekristalu yokwenziwa kwesafire sekuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe iqhubekisele phambili ucwaningo olunzulu kumasu okukhula kwesafire ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezimboni zekhwalithi ephezulu yekristalu, amazinga athuthukisiwe okusetshenziswa, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezincishisiwe. Kuye kwavela izindlela ezintsha nobuchwepheshe bokukhulisa amakristalu esafire, njengendlela ye-Czochralski, indlela ye-Kyropoulos, indlela ye-edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG), kanye nendlela yokushintshanisa ukushisa (HEM).
3.1 Indlela ye-Czochralski Yokukhulisa Amakristalu eSapphire
Indlela ye-Czochralski, eyasungulwa ngu-Czochralski J. ngo-1918, yaziwa nangokuthi indlela ye-Czochralski (efushanisiwe njengendlela ye-Cz). Ngo-1964, i-Poladino AE ne-Rotter BD yaqala ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukuze kukhule amakristalu esafire. Kuze kube manje, ikhiqize inani elikhulu lamakristalu esafire ekhwalithi ephezulu. Umgomo ubandakanya ukuncibilikisa impahla eluhlaza ukuze kwakheke ukuncibilika, bese ucwilisa imbewu yekristalu eyodwa endaweni encibilikayo. Ngenxa yomehluko wokushisa esibonakalayo esiqinile-uketshezi, i-supercooling iyenzeka, okwenza ukuncibilika kuqine endaweni yembewu futhi kuqale ukukhula ikristalu eyodwa enesakhiwo sekristalu esifanayo nembewu. Imbewu idonselwa phezulu kancane kancane kuyilapho izungeza ngesivinini esithile. Njengoba imbewu idonswa, incibilika kancane kancane iqina esibonakalayo, yenze ikristalu eyodwa. Le ndlela, ehlanganisa ukudonsa ikristalu ekuncibilikeni, ingenye yezindlela ezivamile zokulungiselela amakristalu angawodwa aphezulu.
Izinzuzo zendlela ye-Czochralski zifaka: (1) izinga lokukhula ngokushesha, elivumela ukukhiqizwa kwekristalu eyodwa yekhwalithi ephezulu ngesikhathi esifushane; (2) amakristalu akhula endaweni encibilikayo ngaphandle kokuxhumana nodonga oluhlabayo, ehlisa ngempumelelo ingcindezi yangaphakathi futhi athuthukise ikhwalithi yekristalu. Kodwa-ke, i-drawback enkulu yale ndlela ubunzima bokukhulisa amakristalu anobubanzi obukhulu, okwenza ingakufanelekeli ukukhiqiza amakristalu amakhulu.
3.2 Indlela ye-Kyropoulos Yokukhulisa Amakristalu eSapphire
Indlela ye-Kyropoulos, eyasungulwa ngu-Kyropoulos ngo-1926 (efushanisiwe njengendlela ye-KY), yabelana ngokufana nendlela ye-Czochralski. Kuhilela ukucwilisa ikristalu lembewu endaweni encibilikayo bese uyidonsela phezulu kancane ukuze yakhe intamo. Uma izinga lokuqiniswa kusixhumi esibonakalayo sembewu encibilikayo lizinza, imbewu ayisadonswa noma ijikeleziswa. Esikhundleni salokho, izinga lokupholisa lilawulwa ukuvumela ikristalu eyodwa ukuthi iqine kancane kancane ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi, ekugcineni yenze ikristalu eyodwa.
Inqubo ye-Kyropoulos ikhiqiza amakristalu anekhwalithi ephezulu, ukuminyana kwesici esiphansi, amakhulu, nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
3.3 Indlela Yokukhulisa Amafilimu E-Edge-Defined (EFG) Yokukhulisa Amakristalu eSapphire
Indlela ye-EFG iwubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwekristalu obumise. Umgomo wawo uhlanganisa ukubeka indawo encibilika kakhulu ibe isikhunta. Ukuncibilika kudonselwa phezulu kwesikhunta ngesenzo se-capillary, lapho sithintana nekristalu yembewu. Njengoba imbewu idonswa futhi inyibiliki iqina, kwakheka ikristalu eyodwa. Usayizi nokuma konqenqema lwesikhunta kunciphisa ubukhulu bekristalu. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndlela inemikhawulo ethile futhi ifaneleka ngokuyinhloko amakristalu esafire amise okwe-tube namaphrofayili amise okwe-U.
3.4 Indlela Yokushintshanisa Ukushisa (HEM) Yokukhulisa Amakristalu eSapphire
Indlela yokushintshanisa ukushisa yokulungiselela amakristalu esafire anosayizi omkhulu yasungulwa nguFred Schmid noDennis ngo-1967. Uhlelo lwe-HEM luhlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-thermal okuhle kakhulu, ukulawulwa okuzimele kwe-gradient yokushisa ekuncibilikeni nekristalu, nokulawula okuhle. Ikhiqiza kalula amakristalu esafire ane-dilocation ephansi futhi enkulu.
Izinzuzo zendlela ye-HEM zihlanganisa ukungabi khona kokunyakaza ku-crucible, crystal, kanye ne-heater ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukuqeda izenzo zokudonsa ezifana nalezo ezisezindaweni ze-Kyropoulos ne-Czochralski. Lokhu kunciphisa ukugxambukela komuntu futhi kugwema ukonakala kwekristalu okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwemishini. Ukwengeza, izinga lokupholisa lingalawulwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezelwa okushisayo kanye nomphumela wokuqhekeka kwekristalu nokugudluzwa. Le ndlela ivumela ukukhula kwamakristalu anosayizi omkhulu, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi inamathemba entuthuko athembisayo.
Isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile ekukhuleni kwekristalu yesafire nokucutshungulwa okunembayo, i-XKH inikeza izixazululo zesiluli sesafire sangokwezifiso esisekugcineni esiklanyelwe ukuvikela, i-LED, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-optoelectronics. Ngokungeziwe kusafire, sinikezela ngohlu olugcwele lwezinto ezisebenza kahle ze-semiconductor ezihlanganisa amawafa e-silicon carbide (SiC), amawafa e-silicon, izingxenye ze-ceramic ze-SiC, nemikhiqizo ye-quartz. Siqinisekisa ikhwalithi ehlukile, ukwethembeka, nokusekelwa kobuchwepheshe kuzo zonke izinto zokwakha, sisiza amakhasimende ukuthi afinyelele ukusebenza okuthuthukile ezimbonini ezithuthukisiwe nezicelo zocwaningo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-29-2025