I-Metallized Optical Windows: Izinsiza Ezingasetshenziswanga ku-Precision Optics

Kuma-optics anembayo kanye nezinhlelo ze-optoelectronic, izingxenye ezihlukene ngasinye sidlala indima ethile, sisebenza ndawonye ukuze kufezwe imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zingxenye zenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukwelashwa kwazo okungaphezulu nakho kuyahlukahluka. Phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu,amawindi opticaliza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo eziningi. I-subset ebonakala ilula kodwa ebalulekile yileiwindi le-metalized optical—hhayi kuphela “umlindisango” wendlela yokubona, kodwa futhi neqinisoonika amandlayokusebenza kwesistimu. Ake sibhekisise.

Liyini ifasitela le-metalized optical—futhi kungani liyinsimbi?

1) Incazelo

Kalula nje, aiwindi le-metalized opticaliyingxenye yokubona i-substrate yayo—ngokuvamile ingilazi, i-silica ehlanganisiwe, isafire, njll—inesendlalelo esincane (noma i-multilayer) yensimbi (isb., Cr, Au, Ag, Al, Ni) efakwe emaphethelweni ayo noma ezindaweni ezingaphezulu ezikhethiwe ngezinqubo ze-vacuum ezinembe kakhulu njengokuhwamuka noma ukuphalaza.

Kusukela ku-taxonomy yokuhlunga ebanzi, amafasitela ensimbi anjalohhayi"izihlungi ze-optical". Izihlungi zakudala (isb., i-bandpass, i-long-pass) ziklanyelwe ukudlulisa ngokukhetha noma ukubonisa amabhendi athile we-spectral, ukuguqula i-spectrum yokukhanya. Aniwindi optical, ngokuphambene, ivikela ngokuyinhloko. Kumele inakekeleukudluliswa okuphezuluphezu kwebhendi ebanzi (isb, i-VIS, i-IR, noma i-UV) ngenkathi ihlinzekaukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo nokubekwa uphawu.

Ngokunembayo, iwindi lensimbi liyi-ai-subclass ekhethekilekwewindi le-optical. Umehluko wayo ulele kui-metallization, enikeza imisebenzi iwindi elijwayelekile elingakwazi ukuhlinzeka.

2) Kungani metallize? Izinjongo nezinzuzo ezibalulekile

Ukumboza ingxenye ebonisa ngale ngegama ngensimbi ekhanyayo kungase kuzwakale kungenangqondo, kodwa kuwukukhetha okuhlakaniphile, okuqhutshwa inhloso. I-Metallization ivamise ukunika amandla okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kokulandelayo:

(a) I-electromagnetic interference (EMI) isivikelo
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zikagesi kanye ne-optoelectronic, izinzwa ezizwelayo (isb, i-CCD/CMOS) namalaser asengozini ye-EMI yangaphandle—futhi zingakhipha ukuphazamiseka ngokwazo. Ungqimba lwensimbi oluqhubekayo, oluqhubayo efasiteleni lungenza njengeIndawo yaseFaraday, ivumela ukukhanya kudlule ngenkathi ivimbela izinkambu ze-RF/EM ezingafuneki, ngaleyo ndlela kuzinzisa ukusebenza kwedivayisi.

(b) Ukuxhunywa kukagesi kanye nokubeka phansi
Isendlalelo se-metalized siyaqhuba. Ngokunamathisela umthofu kuwo noma ngokuxhumana nawo endlini yensimbi, ungakha izindlela zikagesi zezinto ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwefasitela (isb., izifudumezi, izinzwa zokushisa, ama-electrode) noma ubophe iwindi phansi ukuze uhlakazeke futhi uthuthukise ukuvikela.

(c) Ukuvalwa kwe-Hermetic
Lokhu kuyindlela yokusetshenziswa kwesisekelo. Kumadivayisi adinga i-vacuum ephezulu noma umoya ongasebenzi (isb., amashubhu e-laser, amashubhu e-photomultiplier, izinzwa ze-aerospace), iwindi kufanele lihlanganiswe nephakheji yensimbi ngeunomphela, uphawu oluthembeke kakhulu. Ukusebenzisaukugqama, unqenqema lwefasitela oluyinsimbi luhlanganiswe nendlu yensimbi ukuze kuzuzwe i-hermeticity engcono kakhulu kune-adhesive bonding, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kwemvelo.

(d) Izimbobo nezifihlabuso
I-Metallization ayidingi ukumboza yonke indawo; kungenziwa iphethini. Ukufaka imaski yensimbi eyenzelwe wena (isb., isiyingi noma isikwele) kuchaza kahleindawo ecacile, ivimba ukukhanya okulahlekile, futhi ithuthukisa i-SNR nekhwalithi yesithombe.

Lapho kusetshenziswa amafasitela ensimbi

Ngenxa yalawa makhono, amafasitela enziwe ngensimbi asatshalaliswa kabanzi nomaphi lapho izindawo zidinga khona:

• Ukuvikela kanye ne-aerospace:abafuna imicibisholo, ukulayishwa kwesathelayithi, amasistimu e-IR ahamba emoyeni—lapho ukudlidliza, ukushisa okushisayo, kanye ne-EMI enamandla kuyinsakavukela. I-Metallization iletha ukuvikelwa, ukubekwa uphawu, nokuvikela.

• Izimboni nocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu:ama-laser anamandla amakhulu, izitholi zezinhlayiyana, izimbobo zokubuka ze-vacuum, ama-cryostats—izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ubuqotho obuqinile be-vacuum, ukubekezelela imisebe, nezixhumi ezibonakalayo zikagesi ezithembekile.

• Isayensi yezempilo nempilo:amathuluzi anama-laser ahlanganisiwe (isb., ama-cytometers agelezayo) okumele avale umgodi we-laser ngenkathi ukhipha umsebe.

• Ukuxhumana nezinzwa:amamojula we-fiber-optic nezinzwa zegesi ezizuzayo ekuvikeleni kwe-EMI ngobumsulwa besignali.

Ukucaciswa okubalulekile kanye nemibandela yokukhetha

Lapho ucacisa noma uhlola amafasitela okukhanya ensimbi, gxila kulokhu:

1. I-substrate impahla- Inquma ukusebenza kwamehlo nokomzimba:

• Ingilazi ye-BK7/K9:ukonga; ifanele okubonakalayo.

• I-silica ehlanganisiwe:ukudluliswa okuphezulu kusuka ku-UV kuya ku-NIR; i-CTE ephansi nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu.

• Isafire:iqine ngokwedlulele, imelana nokunwaya, ikwazi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu; insiza ebanzi ye-UV-mid-IR ezindaweni ezinokhahlo.

• Si/Ge:ikakhulukazi amabhendi e-IR.

2. Imbobo ecacile (CA)- Isifunda siqinisekisiwe ukuhlangabezana nama-optical specs. Izindawo ezinensimbi ngokuvamile zingaphandle (futhi zinkulu kune) CA.

3. Uhlobo lwe-Metallization & ukujiya-

• Crivamise ukusetshenziselwa izimbobo ezivimba ukukhanya nanjengesisekelo sokunamathela/sokubasa.

• Auinikeza i-conductivity ephezulu kanye nokumelana ne-oxidation ye-soldering / brazing.
  Ugqinsi olujwayelekile: amashumi kuya kumakhulu ama-nanometer, enzelwe ukusebenza.

4. Ukudluliswa- Iphesenti lokuphuma kwebhande phezu kwebhendi eqondiwe (λ₁–λ₂). Amawindi asebenza kahle kakhulu angadlula99%ngaphakathi kwebhendi yokuklama (enezingubo ze-AR ezifanele endaweni ecacile).

5. I-Hermeticity- Okubalulekile kumafasitela aqinile; ngokuvamile kuqinisekiswa ngokuhlolwa kokuvuza kwe-helium, okunezilinganiso zokuvuza eziqinile ezifana nalezi< 1 × 10⁻⁸ cc/s(atm Yena).

6. Ukuhambisana kwe-brazing- Isitaki sensimbi kufanele sibe manzi futhi sihlangane kahle nezihlungi ezikhethiwe (isb., i-AuSn, i-AgCu eutectic) futhi imelane nokuhamba ngamabhayisikili ashisayo kanye nengcindezi yemishini.

7. Ikhwalithi yobuso- I-Scratch-Dig (isb.60-40noma okungcono); izinombolo ezincane zikhombisa ukukhubazeka okumbalwa/okulula.

8. Umfanekiso ongaphezulu- Ukuchezuka kwe-flatness, okuvame ukucaciswa kumagagasi ngobude obunikeziwe (isb,λ/4, λ/10 @ 632.8 nm); amanani amancane asho ukucaba okungcono.

Umugqa ongezansi

Amawindi okukhanya anensimbi ahlala ku-nexus yeukusebenza kwe-opticalfuthiukusebenza komshini/kagesi. Badlulela ngale kokudlulisa nje, basebenze njengeimigoqo yokuvikela, izihlangu ze-EMI, izixhumanisi ze-hermetic, namabhuloho kagesi. Ukukhetha isisombululo esifanele kudinga isifundo sohwebo sezinga lesistimu: Ingabe udinga ukuqhuba? I-Brazed hermeticity? Ithini ibhendi yokusebenza? Inzima kangakanani imithwalo yemvelo? Izimpendulo ziqondisa ukukhethwa kwe-substrate, isitaki se-metallization, nomzila wokucubungula.

Yile nhlanganisela impelaukunemba kwesikali esincane(amashumi ama-nanometers amafilimu ensimbi akhiwe) kanyeukuqina kwe-macroscale(ukumelana nokwehluka kwengcindezi kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-thermal okunonya) okwenza amafasitela enziwe ngensimbi abe semqoka"iwindi elikhulu"—ukuxhumanisa isizinda esibucayi nezimo zomhlaba wangempela ezinzima.