NgoLwesithathu, uMongameli uBiden umemezele isivumelwano sokunikeza i-Intel imali eqondile engu-$8.5 billion kanye nemali mboleko engu-$11 billion ngaphansi kwe-CHIPS and Science Act. I-Intel izosebenzisa lolu xhaso lwezinkampani zayo ezithengisa izinto ezishibhile e-Arizona, e-Ohio, eNew Mexico, nase-Oregon. Njengoba kubikiwe ephephandabeni lethu likaDisemba 2023, uMthetho we-CHIPS unikeza imali elinganiselwa ku-$52.7 billion embonini ye-semiconductor yase-US, okuhlanganisa ne-$39 billion ezikhuthazweni zokukhiqiza. Ngaphambi kokwabiwa kwe-Intel, uMthetho we-CHIPS wawusuvele unikeze imali elinganiselwa ku-$1.7 billion ku-GlobalFoundries, Microchip Technology, kanye ne-BAE Systems, ngokusho kwe-Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA).
Intuthuko ekuxhasweni ngemali ngaphansi koMthetho we-CHIPS ibilokhu ihamba kancane, kanti isabelo sokuqala samenyezelwa esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka ngemuva kokudluliswa kwawo. Ngenxa yokukhishwa kwemali okuhamba kancane, amanye amaphrojekthi amakhulu e-semiconductor e-United States abambezelekile. I-TSMC iphinde yaphawula ubunzima ekutholeni izisebenzi zokwakha ezifanelekayo. I-Intel yathi ukubambezeleka kungenxa yokunciphisa ukuthengisa.
Amanye amazwe nawo abelwe imali yokukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor. NgoSepthemba 2023, i-European Union yaphasisa uMthetho we-European Chips, obeka ama-€430 billion (cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-470) ekutshalweni kwezimali komphakathi nangasese embonini ye-semiconductor. NgoNovemba 2023, iJapan yabela ama-¥2 trillion (cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi eziyi-13) ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor. ITaiwan yashaya umthetho ngoJanuwari 2024 wokuhlinzeka ngezibonelelo zentela ezinkampanini ze-semiconductor. NgoMashi 2023, iNingizimu Korea yaphasisa umthethosivivinywa wokuhlinzeka ngezibonelelo zentela kwezobuchwepheshe bamasu, okuhlanganisa nezinkampani ze-semiconductor. I-China kulindeleke ukuthi isungule isikhwama esisekelwa nguhulumeni samaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-40 ukuxhasa imboni yayo ye-semiconductor.
Ayini amathuba okusetshenziswa kwemali yezimboni ze-semiconductor (i-CapEx) kulo nyaka? UMthetho we-CHIPS uhlose ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemali yezimboni, kodwa iningi lomthelela ngeke libonakale kuze kube ngemva kuka-2024. Ngonyaka odlule, imakethe ye-semiconductor yehle ngo-8.2% ngokudabukisayo, okwaholela izinkampani eziningi ukuba zithathe indlela yokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwemali yezimboni ngo-2024. Silinganisela ukuthi i-CapEx ephelele ye-semiconductor ngo-2023 yayingamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-169, ukwehla okungu-7% kusukela ngo-2022. Sibikezela ukwehla okungu-2% ku-CapEx ngo-2024.
Ngokululama kwemakethe yememori kanye nokwanda okulindelekile kwesidingo esivela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ezifana nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, izinkampani ezinkulu zememori kulindeleke ukuthi zandise izindleko zemali ngo-2024. I-Samsung ihlela ukugcina izindleko zemali ezilinganayo ngo-2024 zifinyelele ku-$37 billion kodwa ayizange inciphise izindleko zemali ngo-2023. I-Micron Technology kanye ne-SK Hynix zinciphise kakhulu izindleko zemali ngo-2023 futhi zihlela ukukhula kwamadijithi amabili ngo-2024.
Imboni enkulu kunazo zonke yokukhiqiza izinsimbi, i-TSMC, ihlela ukusebenzisa cishe amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-28 kuya kumaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-32 ngo-2024, ngesilinganiso samaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-30, ukwehla okungu-6% kusukela ngo-2023. I-SMIC ihlela ukugcina izindleko zezimali zizinzile, kuyilapho i-UMC ihlela ukwanda ngo-10%. I-GlobalFoundries ilindele ukwehla okungu-61% kwezindleko zezimali ngo-2024 kodwa izokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali eminyakeni embalwa ezayo ngokwakhiwa kwento entsha eMalta, eNew York.
Phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamadivayisi ahlanganisiwe (ii-IDM), i-Intel ihlela ukwandisa izindleko zemali ngo-2% ngo-2024 kuya ku-$26.2 billion. I-Intel izokwandisa umthamo wamakhasimende e-foundry kanye nemikhiqizo yangaphakathi. Izindleko zemali ze-Texas Instruments zisalokhu zifana. I-TI ihlela ukusebenzisa cishe ama-$5 billion ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-2026, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yefashini yayo entsha eSherman, eTexas. I-STMicroelectronics izonciphisa izindleko zemali ngo-39%, kanti i-Infineon Technologies izoncipha ngo-3%.
I-Samsung, i-TSMC, kanye ne-Intel, okuyizinkampani ezintathu ezisebenzisa imali enkulu, kulindeleke ukuthi zifake imali engu-57% yezindleko zezimboni ze-semiconductor ngo-2024.
Yiliphi izinga elifanele lezindleko zezimali uma kuqhathaniswa nemakethe ye-semiconductor? Ukuguquguquka kwemakethe ye-semiconductor kwaziwa kahle. Eminyakeni engama-40 edlule, izinga lokukhula lonyaka lehle lisuka ku-46% ngo-1984 laya ku-32% ngo-2001. Ngenkathi ukuguquguquka kwemboni kwehla ngokuvuthwa, izinga lokukhula kwalo lifinyelele ku-26% eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Lehle ngo-12% ngo-2021 kanye no-12% ngo-2019. Izinkampani ze-semiconductor zidinga ukuhlela amandla azo eminyakeni ezayo. Ukwakha i-fab entsha ngokuvamile kuthatha cishe iminyaka emibili, kanye nesikhathi esengeziwe esidingekayo sokuhlela nokuxhasa ngezimali. Ngenxa yalokho, isilinganiso sezindleko zezimali ze-semiconductor emakethe ye-semiconductor siyahlukahluka kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi.
2---I-Silicon Carbide: Enkathini entsha yama-wafer
Isilinganiso sezindleko zemali ye-semiconductor kuya kusayizi wemakethe sisukela phezulu ku-34% saya phansi ku-12%. Isilinganiso seminyaka emihlanu siwela phakathi kuka-28% no-18%. Phakathi nesikhathi sonke kusukela ngo-1980 kuya ku-2023, izindleko zemali ye-capital zibambe u-23% wemakethe ye-semiconductor. Naphezu kokushintshashintsha, umkhuba wesikhathi eside walesi silinganiso uhlala ufana. Ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni okuqinile kwemakethe okulindelekile kanye nokwehla kwezindleko zemali ye-capital, silindele ukuthi lesi silinganiso sehle sisuka ku-32% ngo-2023 saya ku-27% ngo-2024.
Iningi lezibikezelo libikezela ukukhula kwemakethe ye-semiconductor ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-13% kuya ku-20% ngo-2024. Ubuhlakani bethu be-semiconductor bubikezela ukukhula okungu-18%. Uma u-2024 usebenza kahle njengoba bekulindelekile, izinkampani zingase zandise izinhlelo zazo zokusebenzisa imali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Singalindela ukubona izinguquko ezinhle ekusetshenzisweni kwemali ye-semiconductor ngo-2024.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-08-2024